Solar Panels, Photovoltaic, Crystalline Silicon

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic solar cells are devices which can convert sunlight directly into usable electricity. Most common photovoltaic cells can be found on everyday devices such as calculators and wrist watches. PV cells however can be made of complex systems capable of powering buildings and supplementing a power grid.

Technologies

Currently the leading material available on the market is a substance known as crystalline silicon (c-Si), and is used in several forms:

Single-crystalline or monocrystalline silicon

Multicrystalline or polycrystalline silicon

Ribbon and sheet silicon

Thin-layer silicon.

There are several methods in which crystalline silicone is produced. These methods are:

Czochralski (CZ) method

Float-zone (FZ) method

Casting method

Die or wire pulling

Whatever the technique the most important process of manufacturing is the removal of impurities and defects within the silicone. This is usually done by chemically heating the silicone and diffusing the impurities from the silicone. As there is more demand for solar-grade silicone so is the concern for its availability. New innovations are currently being developed but not perfected yet. These technologies include the emitter wrap-through cell and the self-aligned selective-emitter cell.

Northern Industrial Polycrystalline Solar Panel — 11 Watt

12 Volt solar battery charger delivers 11 Watts for boats, RVs and back-up power. Works in all weather conditions. 14 3/4in.L x 11 1/2in.W x 1in.D. LED light shows when charging. Includes wiring, brackets and a solar panel voltage tester. All completely weather resistant. Application: Boats, RVs and back-up power, Watts: 11, Dimensions L x W (in.): 14 3/4 x 11 1/2 x 1, LED Light: Shows when charging, Material: White tempered glass, EVA resin, and a weatherproof film, plus aluminum frame, Panel Type: High-power module using 125mm square multicrystal cells, Panels (qty.): 1 High-power module using 125mm square multicrystal cells with 12.60% module conversion efficiency Modules come with bypass diode to minimize the power drop caused by shade conditions Textured cell surface to reduce the reflection of sunlight and BSF (Black Surface Field) structure to improve cell conversion efficiency: 14.11% 20ft. of wire, voltage tester and plug connectors to add more panels and mounting accessories Recommend 7 Amp charge controller Item# 336606 (sold separately)

NPower 5 Watt Amorphous Solar Panel

This NPower 5 Watt amorphous solar panel is ideal for cars, ATVs, PWCs, light duty trucks, SUVs and all 12V batteries. Its an effective way to replenish your batteries for quick starts. Clean and quiet operation. Built-in blocking diodes prevent discharging at night. Ultra-bright blue LED charge indicator. Use for larger applications such as boats, RV, tractors, antique cars, pumps, electric fences and more. No installation required. Application: Trickle charge car, boat and other 12V batteries, Watts: 5, Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 18 x 14 1/2 x 1 1/2, Material: Plastic, amorphous solar cells, Panels (qty.): 1, LED Light: Yes, Battery Type: 12V, Battery Included: No, Includes: Panel, clamps, 12V plug, wiring Even works in low light and cloudy conditions Self-regulated unit will never overcharge your batteries; simply plug in and it begins working immediately with no maintenance Comes with 12V power source adapter, battery clamps and 4 precut holes and screws for mounting

Northern Industrial Polycrystalline Solar Panel — 33 Watt

12 Volt solar battery charger delivers 33 Watts for boats, RVs and back-up power. Works in all weather conditions. 38in.L x 11 3/4in.W x 1in.D. LED light shows when charging. Includes wiring, brackets and a solar panel voltage tester. All completely weather resistant. 5-year limited warranty. Application: Boats, RVs and back-up power, Watts: 33, Dimensions L x W (in.): 38 x 11 3/4 x 1, LED Light: Shows when charging, Material: White tempered glass, EVA resin, and a weatherproof film, plus aluminum frame, Panel Type: 125mm square multicrystal cells, Panels (qty.): 1 High-power module using 125mm square multicrystal cells with 12.60% module conversion efficiency Modules come with bypass diode to minimize the power drop caused by shade conditions Textured cell surface to reduce the reflection of sunlight and BSF (Black Surface Field) structure to improve cell conversion efficiency: 14.11% 20ft. of wire, voltage tester and plug connectors to add more panels and mounting accessories

Sunforce Solar Motion Light

Guard your home, yard, garage or RV with 3 bright, long-lasting LEDs — without plugging into an outlet! Amorphous solar panel collects sunlight during the day, even on cloudy days. LED light ABS plastic with an amorphous solar panel. Application: Outdoor, Light Type: LED, Power Source: Solar, Batteries Required: Yes, included, Lights Included (qty.): 1 A solar powered security light that can be installed anywhere Ideal for security & lighting dark areas with the power of the sun Great for garages pathways & sheds No wiring required Easy to install Ideal for remote locations Superbrite LEDs provide strong and lasting light Weather-resistant design Charges during the day and works at night Amorphous solar panel collects sunlight even on cloudy days Ni-Cd AA600mAh 7.2V (6 batteries) Automatically turns on when motion is detected On/off switch on the back Light turns on automatically when it senses motion at night and stay off during the day One dial located on the underside of the sensor which controls the length of time the light will stay on each time it is triggered

Sumec North America Grid-Tie Solar System — 7.92kW, 33-Panel Array, Model# Power 7.9

Sumec North America offers this grid-tie solar system that is designed for residential and commercial applications. The kit provides an investment-grade array of solar panels, inverters, racking and technical support to capture the power of the sun for your home or business. High-performance 240 Watt, 72 cell monocrystalline solar panels (64.6in.L x 39.1in.W x 1.8in.H) collect power and heavy-duty, 60Hz based inverter converts solar energy to grid-tie compliant AC power. Reduce or even eliminate electrical bills; in some cases system can spin meter backwards and sell excess electricity back to the utility Kit includes panels, inverter, racking, mounting hardware, cabling and wiring diagrams

Backup Power Source Solar Standby Power System, Model# BPS-1250-S

Harness the power of the sun to generate your electricity and provide security during power outages. The BPS-1250-S solar package is engineered to allow you to create and use your own energy to power household appliances. Plus, each unit acts as an ultra-quiet emergency backup system that monitors your utility companys electric power 24/7. U.S.A. Plug & Play — no installation of power system required. Application: Household appliances, Watts: 1250 running watts; 1875 watts for up to 15 seconds; 2500 surge watts for up to 10 seconds, LED Light: 6, Material: 150 Watt photovoltaic panel, Panels (qty.): 2, Battery Type: 220Ah batteries, Battery Included: Yes In the event of a power outage, the built-in automatic transfer switch provides backup emergency power and recharges with the power of the sun; no additional transfer switch required unless using in conjunction with a generator Energy is stored in 2 powerful 220Ah batteries, then converted to AC electricity by the systems inverter charger Converts 12V DC to 120V AC @ 60 Hz Battery charge rate 3-stage, 30 Amp battery charger Quality modified sine wave output 6 LEDs for continuous status information 2 NEMA 5-15R output 110 AC receptacles Charges batteries with solar or utility power or standby generator Two 150 Watt photovoltaic panel units (solar panels)

Your Solar Home SolarSheat 1500G/S Two-Pack Solar Collectors, Model# SH1500G-BL-2Pak

Dual solar air collector system is designed to provide supplemental heat for rooms up to 1500 sq. ft. Includes Item#s 456300 and 456301. Heating Capability (sq. ft.): 750 - 1,200, Panels (qty.): 2, Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 87 x 86 x 3 13/16, Application: Provide supplemental heat for rooms upt o 1,500 sq. ft., Panel Type: Modular solar air collector, Material: Extruded aluminum construction with tempered glass panels, Air Delivery (CFM): 70, Mount Type: Wall or roof Requires no electrical connections and is completely self-powered Can help reduce your heating bill Reduces about 3/4 ton of CO2 greenhouse gases per year Approved by the Solar Rating and Certification Corp. (SRCC) for SRCC OG-100 certification Easy mounting on a south-facing wall or roof Extruded aluminum construction with tempered glass panels Each unit is 87in.L x 43in.W x 3.8in.D

Sumec North America Grid-Tie Solar System — 2.18kW, 9-Panel Array, Model# Power 2.1

Sumec North America Grid-Tie Solar System — 2.88kW, 12-Panel Array, Model# Power 2.8

Sumec North America Grid-Tie Solar System — 4.80kW, 20-Panel Array, Model# Power 4.8